Answer:
Background
During the course of a bacterial infection, the rapid identification of the causative agent(s) is necessary for the determination of effective treatment options. We have developed a method based on a modified broad-range PCR and an oligonucleotide microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of 12 bacterial pathogens at the species level. The broad-range PCR primer mixture was designed using conserved regions of the bacterial topoisomerase genes gyrB and parE. The primer design allowed the use of a novel DNA amplification method, which produced labeled, single-stranded DNA suitable for microarray hybridization. The probes on the microarray were designed from the alignments of species- or genus-specific variable regions of the gyrB and parE genes flanked by the primers. We included mecA-specific primers and probes in the same assay to indicate the presence of methicillin resistance in the bacterial species. The feasibility of this assay in routine diagnostic testing was evaluated using 146 blood culture positive and 40 blood culture negative samples.
Explanation:
Results
Comparison of our results with those of a conventional culture-based method revealed a sensitivity of 96% (initial sensitivity of 82%) and specificity of 98%. Furthermore, only one cross-reaction was observed upon investigating 102 culture isolates from 70 untargeted bacteria. The total assay time was only three hours, including the time required for the DNA extraction, PCR and microarray steps in sequence.
1. <span>Soil Erosion Upstream
2. </span><span>Loss of habitat
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<span> nuclear: Classify the </span>different energy sources <span>from the table according to whether they are renewable.</span>
Complete question: A phylogenetic tree shows that birds and crocodiles share many features. A hypothesis based on this tree predicts that these features are present in a common ancestor. Which of these predicted traits is supported by fossil evidence?
A) four-chambered heart
B) singing for territory
C) eggs and nests
D) singing to attract mates
Answer: (c) eggs and nests
Explanation:
A hypothesis based on phylogenetic tree shows that birds and crocodiles have ancestral connection. Fossil evidence shows that their common ancestor exhibit oviparity as a means of reproduction (i.e. laying of eggs and embryo develops within the egg), and also housed their eggs in the nest for protection against predators and other important reasons.
<span>This would be a positive reinforcer. These are things like rewards and bonuses that will cause the subject to want to continue the rewarded behavior. The reinforcer does not need to be financial or even tangible. Positive comments and approval can be reinforcers that strengthen associated behaviors.</span>