An exponential equation is represented as:
, where b represents rate
- Exponential growth:
,
and 
- Exponential decay:

- Neither:

An exponential equation is said to represent growth, if the rate is greater than 1, while it represents decay if the rate is less than 1.
This means that:
,
and
represent exponential growth because 5, 4.2 and 1.3 are greater than 1
Also,
represents exponential decay because 0.28 is less than 1
While
is not an exponential function
Read more about exponential functions at:
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Use constant of variation y =kx i.e
15 gallons k=>17.55
k gallons =17.55/15=1.17
18 gallons k=>21.06
k gallons =21.06/18=1.17
Therefore ans => y=1.17x
The 99.87th percentile, or the area to the left of the 3 standard deviation mark it 99.87% better than everyone/everything else.
D.) x = 5, because when you plug five in for x, 5 + 5 = 10 is correct.