Not to be concerned as long as the diet as a whole provides average amounts
In C4 plants, photosynthesis is compartmentalized into two; light-dependent stage and light independent stage. The light-dependent stage occurs in the mesophyll cells of the leaf. Here, CO2 is fixed into oxaloacetate by PEP carboxylase enzyme. The oxaloacetate is then converted to malate that is then transported to bundle-sheath cells (around the leaf veins). The CO2 is then released from the malate and the gas molecule is subsequently fixed by RuBiSCO like in C3 plants. The biggest advantage of C4 photosytheis is that the wasteful process of photorespiration is greatly reduced.
Answer:
OH, H2O2 and O−2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be defined as highly reactive chemical compounds formed from molecular oxygen (O2). ROS are generated as a normal product of cellular metabolism, and also as a response to different environmental/internal cellular stimuli (e.g., cytokines, xenobiotics, pathogenic invasion). For example, hydroxyl radicals (·OH) are a type of ROS generated in the mitochondria which are capable of inducing oxidative stress in different cells and also trigger chronic inflammation. Moreover, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules represent another type of ROS which are produced during the stereoselective deamination of amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. These molecules (H2O2) exhibit toxic effects on the cell (e.g., DNA damage). Finally, singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen (O2) that is generated during photosynthesis in the photosystem II (PSII) of chloroplasts.
Answer:
• An acid is an electrolyte that hydrolyses in water to release hydrogen ions.
• pH level of an acid;
- Strong acid → 0 - 3.8
- Weak Acid → 4.0 - 6.7
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