The change in the genetic makeup simply describes the change in the sequence of genes. This can be a result of mutation. The mutation are beneficial sometimes but not always.
The change in the sequence will change the protein product by the gene. This will create problem in normal functioning by the product when the normal expression was there. Thus, changes in genes are harmful to organism.
Karyotyping can give information on a persons sex and chromosomal disorders. It cannot give information on a persons trait's and how severe a disorder is.
