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In immunology, an antigen is a molecule or molecular structure, such as may be present on the outside of a pathogen, that can be bound by an antigen-specific antibody or B-cell antigen receptor. The presence of antigens in the body normally triggers an immune response.
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Proteins are linear polymers built of monomer units called amino acids. The function of a protein is directly dependent on its three -dimensional structure Remarkably, proteins spontaneously fold up into three-dimensional structures that are determined by the sequence of amino acids in the protein polymer.
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Crossing-over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. It results in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. When cells divide during meiosis, homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells, and different chromosomes segregate independently of each other.
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Genetic variation among plant populations often occurs along different climatic gradients, such as temperature and precipitation gradients.
Environmental factors are often responsible for the patterns of genetic structure observed at small spatial scales (Sacks, Brown, & Ernest, 2004).
