C. The number of covalent bonds is equal to the number of unpaired valence electrons. For example, nitrogen and phosphorous both have 3 unpaired valence electrons thus forming 3 covalent bonds.
The vector, which is often a small, circular piece of dna that can exist outside the bacterial chromosome, is known as a plasmid.
Bacteria and certain other microscopic species contain plasmids, which are tiny circular DNA molecules. Physically distinct from chromosomal DNA, plasmids multiply on their own. They normally contain only a few genes, including some linked to antibiotic resistance, and they can spread from one cell to another.
Recombinant DNA techniques are used by scientists to splice the genes they want to research into a plasmid. The inserted gene is duplicated along with the plasmid when it duplicates itself. Molecular cloning, the process of creating DNA molecules and introducing them into a host cell, uses plasmid vectors as the means of delivering recombinant DNA into the host cell.
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The plasma membrane<span> is described as a "fluid mosaic."</span>
<h3><u>Answer;</u></h3>
Evaluate the validity and reliability of processes and findings.
<h3><u>Explanation</u>;</h3>
- <em><u>Scientific argumentation is a stage of scientific inquiry in which scientists make claims, based on observable evidence, and then clarify with justification of the evidence as relevant to the claims.</u></em>
- <em><u>It is therefore, an important part of scientific inquiry as it aims evaluate the validity and reliability of processes and findings. Scientific claims from an investigation should be based on evidence that is justified based on the claims.</u></em>