Answer:
Explanation:
Cellular respiration generally involves breaking down of large organic molecules to release ATP (energy). Citric Acid cycle, also known as Kreb's cycle or Tricarboxylic acid cycle is the second stage of the cellular respiration (unique to aerobic organisms). Citric acid cycle occurs in the intracellular space or matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
Glycolysis, which is the first step of cellular respiration, produces pyruvate which is then converted to Acetyl CoA in order to enter the Kreb's cycle by first combining with oxaloacetate. Generally, citric acid cycle involves an eight-steps reaction consisting of series of reduction-oxidation, hydration, dehydration, decarboxylation reactions, with each step catalyzed by different enzymes.
In a nutshell, oxaloacetate is generated back at the completion of the cycle alongside 2 molecules of CO2, one GTP/ATP molecule and electron donors; NADH2 and FADH2. These reduced electron donors enter the third step of aerobic cellular respiration and act as the first electron donor in the Electron transport chain.
<u>Answer:</u>
<em>In highly diverged lineages, the substitutions process will occur at sites that have been substituted previously</em>.
<u>Explanation:</u>
Molecular clock uses the mutation rate to reduce the time in prehistory when the life forms are diverged. <em>The molecular clock uses the sequence of amino acids and nucleotide sequence for the DNA.</em>
This clock does not measure any time but the number of mutations, and other changes over certain time. <em>Sometimes its useful property might be limited due to the highly diverged lineages.</em>
When the cells undergo late apoptosis, the membrane structure is destroyed and the nuclear structure can be selectively visualized by Hoechst 33342/PI.
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/support/double-staining-apoptosis-assay-hoechst33342-pi.htm
Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are most commonly phosphorylated in eukaryotes.
Answer:
In species with polyploid, there are more chromosomal sets than in diploid one. Becouse there are more chromosomal structures available, events like mutation, recombination, DNA lose, are more probable to occur.
As the generations pass, the accumulation of these changes tend polyploid to speciation.
