Materials are any single item utilized when conducting scientific experiments. Apparatus is a collective group of items combined to perform experimental projects that do not have consumption. An example of a material would be water. Examples of apparatus would be thermometers or other instruments.
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Hello. You did not present a diagram to which the question refers. However, I will try to help you in the best possible way.
The income effect is the term related to the increase or decrease in the consumer's purchasing power in relation to the fluctuation in the price of consumer products and the value of the national currency. On the other hand, the substitution effect refers to the impact between the variation of the consumers' income value and the product's prices.
Answer: The establishment of social welfare programs
