They all look like there decaying and was left out or sat inside too long
Solid liquid gas or plasma. Solid would be ice cubes (frozen state), liquid would be the water inside of the glass, the gas would be when you take that same water and place it on a stovetop to bring to a boiling point. (Gas state) and finally the plasma state is when you your gas particles (from the gas state) if you heat the gas particles, they will turn to plasma.
(Probably) Mountain soils because they are in cold temperatures and there is chemical weathering and erosion causing the soil to have a more difficult environment to form in.
