Answer: the effects of cholera toxin on cAMP in the intestinal cells is that it INCREASES cAMP production.
Explanation:
Vibrio cholerae is a gram negative bacterium which produces a protein cholera toxin that is responsible for the characteristic symptoms of cholera such as
watery diarrhea, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, low blood pressure, thirst, and muscle cramps. There is need for body fluids and Na replacement to avoid severe dehydration results which may lead to death.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate( cAMP) is a derivative used for intracellular signal transduction in organisms. The cholera toxin produced by the bacteria INCREASES the production of cAMP through its polypeptides( which consist of active protomer and binding protomer). The cholera toxin first binds to cell surface receptors, the protomer then enters the cell and bind with and activate the adenylate cyclase. Increasing adenylate cyclase activity will INCREASE cellular levels of cAMP, increasing the activity of ion pumps that remove ions from the cell. Due to osmotic pressure changes, water also must flow with the ions into the lumen of the intestinal mucosa, dehydrating the tissue. I hope this helps, thanks.
1p is not possible because it goes like this 1s2 2s2 2p6
Answer:
<h2>1 ) substances that produce hydrogen atoms in solution.</h2>
Explanation:
A swedist scientist Savante Arhenius give the theory of behaviour of Acid-bases. According to Arhenius ,Arhenius Acid compound produce hydrogen ion or proton upon adding in aqueous solution . Acid are molecular compound that have higly polar covalently bonded ionizable hydrogen atom. HCL is a polar covalently bonded and gas at room temperature and noormal pressure . Upon addition of HCL in water cause ionization ,water breaks into chloride ion and hydrogen ion , in this reaction chlorine gain bond pair electron , while hydrogen ion or proton attached with water . chlorine gain bond pair electron due higher electronegativity than hydrogen and hydrogen loose their electron due to less electronegativity and become hydrogen ion ,these hydrogen ion attached with water to form hydronium ion
. Hydronium ion is polyatomic ion .
- Ionization of HCL in water
![HCL(gas)\rightarrow H^{+}(aq) + CL^{-}(aq)](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=HCL%28gas%29%5Crightarrow%20H%5E%7B%2B%7D%28aq%29%20%2B%20CL%5E%7B-%7D%28aq%29)
- formation of polyatomic hydronium ion after HCL ionization in water ,where hydrogen ion attached to water and form polyatomic ion.
.
Answer:
Explanation:
iron is element number 26 this means that it has 26 number of electron and proton in its atomic structure so its atomic number is 26