Answer:
Background
During the course of a bacterial infection, the rapid identification of the causative agent(s) is necessary for the determination of effective treatment options. We have developed a method based on a modified broad-range PCR and an oligonucleotide microarray for the simultaneous detection and identification of 12 bacterial pathogens at the species level. The broad-range PCR primer mixture was designed using conserved regions of the bacterial topoisomerase genes gyrB and parE. The primer design allowed the use of a novel DNA amplification method, which produced labeled, single-stranded DNA suitable for microarray hybridization. The probes on the microarray were designed from the alignments of species- or genus-specific variable regions of the gyrB and parE genes flanked by the primers. We included mecA-specific primers and probes in the same assay to indicate the presence of methicillin resistance in the bacterial species. The feasibility of this assay in routine diagnostic testing was evaluated using 146 blood culture positive and 40 blood culture negative samples.
Explanation:
Results
Comparison of our results with those of a conventional culture-based method revealed a sensitivity of 96% (initial sensitivity of 82%) and specificity of 98%. Furthermore, only one cross-reaction was observed upon investigating 102 culture isolates from 70 untargeted bacteria. The total assay time was only three hours, including the time required for the DNA extraction, PCR and microarray steps in sequence.
I'm not positive but I think it's water because more substances dissolve in water than any other substance so, you can at least try it!!!
Answer:
Hydrogen bonds make water molecules spread out when they freeze. This makes ice less dense than water and allows ice to float. If ice did not float then oceans and lakes would freeze from the bottom up, killing marine life by trapping organisms in the ice. When ice floats, it insulates the water below, keeping it at around 4 degrees C or 40F, which does not freeze and allows fish to survive the winter.
Explanation:
do all bacterial cells have the same structures? no
Answer:
the cell membrane becomes depolarized.
Explanation:
Na+ moves in, K+ moves out.
hope it helps!
