somatic hypermutation occurs only in the <u>V or Variable</u> regions of rearranged heavy and light chains.
Somatic hypermutation occurs only in activated B cells, not T cells. This occurs in germinal establishments inside of lymph nodes and the spleen, where B cells are stimulated and T cells are present. Somatic hypermutation is a procedure in which point mutations pile up at rates 106-fold greater than the background mutation rates observed in other genes in the antibody V-regions of both the light and heavy chains.
Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes is important in antibody-mediated immunity. SHM in B cells serves as the molecular foundation for antibody affinity maturation. In this way, SHM plays an important role in optimizing antibody-dependent immune responses.
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Answer:
The correct answer is- Mutualism
Explanation:
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both organisms interact and get benefited from each other. So in mutualism both help in each other survival.
In mycorrhiza fungi are associated with the plant roots and provide nutrients and water from soil to plants and plants provide food(sugar) to its partner i.e. fungi. Therefore both the partners are benefitted from each other.
Therefore mutualism is the symbiotic relationship exemplified by mycorrhizal fungi.
Mature gametophyte plant.
60 million years is the answer.
