Plate tectonics refers to the movement of the rigid plates around the surface of Earth. The outer portion of the planet, or lithosphere, is relatively rigid because it is relatively cold. The lithosphere varies in thickness but is typically a hundred or so kilometers thick. It includes the upper mantle and both the continental and oceanic crust. The mantle’s convective motions break the lithosphere into plates and move them around the surface of the planet. These plates may move away from, move by, or collide with each other. This process forms ocean basins, shifts continents, and pushes up mountains.
The system that is affected when the xylem tissue is removed in plants
is water transportation. The scientific name for this process is
transpiration, and without the xylem tissue it would not be possible for
this process to occur.
Answer:
b) an ancestral cell most likely engulfed and aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
Explanation:
The evolution of mitochondria occurred when a prokaryotic ancestral cell engulfed an aerobic prokaryote. This aerobic prokaryote had the ability to perform aerobic respiration. The symbiont was sustained in the ancestral cell as the association was beneficial to both of them. The ancestral cell could drive a large number of ATP by aerobic respiration.
Gradually, symbiont lost the ability of free survival and led to the evolution of mitochondria. The presence of circular DNA and ribosomes in mitochondria similar to the prokaryotic cells prove their origin by endosymbiosis.
The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. The answer is plant cells