Through the process of Meiosis
When cloning by restriction digest and ligation, you use restriction enzymes to cut open a plasmid (backbone) and insert a linear fragment of DNA (insert) that has been cut by compatible restriction enzymes. An enzyme, DNA ligase, then covalently binds the plasmid to the new fragment thereby generating a complete, circular plasmid that can be easily maintained in a variety of biological systems. Read on for an in-depth breakdown of how to do perform restriction digests.
Explanation:
Most of the cell surface receptors and glycoproteins. These glycoproteins have active sites that recognize specific signals, like hormones, that initiate secondary signaling pathways inside of the cell, in response to the external signal. This is how cells respond to environmental stimuli.
If a change in glycoproteins makes them unable to bind signaling molecules (like hormones) or makes them permanently bind these molecules, there will definitely be a defect in how the cell responds to external stimuli. The cell will be, for example, be unable to respond to insulin in case of elevated blood sugar levels as is the case with diabetics.
Learn More:
For more on glycoproteins check out;
brainly.com/question/11473349
brainly.com/question/13602455
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