Answer:
D. Actual investment will equal planned investment only when there is no unplanned change in inventories.
Explanation:
Actual investment is the total expenditure that a business spends on investment during a given period of time. It includes planned investment and any unplanned changes in inventory.
Actual investment = Planned investment - Unplanned inventory changes
Therefore when there are no unplanned changes in inventory, then actual investment equals planned investment.
Explain collective action problems and free riding, and how groups get around these problems through benefits of participation (i.e., solidary benefits and purposive benefits), coercion, and selective incentives.
collective action problem; situation in which members of a group would benefit by working together to produce some outcome, but each individual is better off refusing to cooperate and reaping benefits from those who do the work; one individuals efforts will not make a big difference; individual is better off free riding, can not do any work but still enjoy successes of group; even when people agree something would be good, cooperation isn't easy or automatic
free riding; relying on others to contribute to a collective effort and not participating on ones own behalf, but still benefiting from the groups successes
mechanism to promote cooperation: benefits from participation, coercion, selective incentives
soldiery benefits-satisfaction derived from the experience of working with like-minded people, even if the groups efforts do not achieve the desired impact
purposive benefit- satisfaction that comes from working to achieve a common goal
coercion- requiring participation; ex. labor unions require union dues as condition
selective incentives- benefits only given to members of an interest group
hope this helps.
True
Just to warn the votes or attention of citizens
having insufficient income to provide
