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SashulF [63]
2 years ago
13

Animal behavior researchers often refer to an activity associated with punishment or reward as a(n) A. stimulus. B. operant. C.

response. D. condition.
Biology
2 answers:
photoshop1234 [79]2 years ago
3 0
They usually refer this to A. Stimulus
natali 33 [55]2 years ago
3 0

The answer is B: Operant i believe.

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Explain the three mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere.
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Explanation:

There are three ways heat is transferred into and through the atmosphere.

radiation. conduction. convection.

Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through space by electromagnetic radiation.If you have stood in front of a fireplace or near a campfire, you have felt the heat transfer known as radiation. The side of your body nearest the fire warms, while your other side remains unaffected by the heat. Although you are surrounded by air, the air has nothing to do with this transfer of heat. Heat lamps, that keep food warm, work in the same way.

Conduction

Welding iron is transferring heat by conduction

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Convection

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Air in the atmosphere acts as a fluid. The sun's radiation strikes the ground, thus warming the rocks. As the rock's temperature rises due to conduction, heat energy is released into the atmosphere, forming a bubble of air which is warmer than the surrounding air. This bubble of air rises into the atmosphere. As it rises, the bubble cools with the heat contained in the bubble moving into the atmosphere

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ligand; molecule; ligand; molecule; nervous system

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Ligand-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that interact with ligands (molecules) and open in response to this binding. In the nervous system, these channels are activated by neurotransmitters (ligands) that regulate synaptic transmission between nerve cells (neurons). Neurotransmitters are signaling molecules clustered close to the cell membrane of axon terminals in presynaptic neurons. For example, glutamate is a ligand neurotransmitter that binds to ion channels and thus stimulates synaptic activity in the mammalian brain.

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