Photons of light scatter off molecules, and the distance you can see through a gas is proportional to the mean free path of phot
ons through the gas. Photons are not gas molecules, so the mean free path of a photon is not equal to that of a molecule, but its dependence on the number density of the gas and on molecular radius is the same. Suppose you are in a smoggy city and can barely see buildings 500 m away.
(a) How far would you be able to see if all the molecules around you suddenly doubled in volume?
(b) How far would you be able to see if the temperature suddenly rose from 20◦C to a blazing hot 1500◦C with the pressure unchanged?
(a) How far would you be able to see if all the molecules around you suddenly doubled in volume?
(b) How far would you be able to see if the temperature suddenly rose from 20◦C to a blazing hot 1500◦C with the pressure unchanged?
1 answer:
You might be interested in
Answer and Explanation
• Heterotopic protons are those that when substituted by the same substituent, are structurally different. They are not similar, diastereotopic or enantiotopic.
• Diastreotopic protons refers to two protons in a molecule which, if replaced by the same substituent, would generate compounds that are diastereomers. Diastereotopic groups are often, but not always, identical groups attached to the same atom in a molecule containing at least one chiral center.
For example, the two hydrogen atoms of the C3 carbon in (S)-2-bromobutane are diastereotopic (shown in the attached image). Replacement of one hydrogen atom with a bromine atom will produce (2S,3R)-2,3-dibromobutane. Replacement of the other hydrogen atom with a bromine atom will produce the diastereomer (2S,3S)-2,3-dibromobutane.
• Homotopic protons in a compound are equivalent protons. Two protons A and B are homotopic if the molecule remains the same (including stereochemically) when the protons are interchanged with some other atom (substituent) while the remaining parts of the molecule stay fixed. Homotopic atoms are always identical, in any environment.
For example, ethane, the two H atoms on C1 and C2 carbons on the same side (as shown in the attached image) are homotopic as they exhibit the phenomenon described above.
• Enantiotopic protons are two protons in a molecule which, if one or the other were replaced (by the same substituent), would generate a chiral compound. The two possible compounds resulting from that replacement would be enantiomers.
For example, in the attached image to this answer, the two hydrogen atoms attached to the second carbon in butane are enantiotopic. Replacement of one hydrogen atom with a bromine atom will produce (R)-2-bromobutane. Replacement of the other hydrogen atom with a bromine atom will produce the enantiomer (S)-2-bromobutane.
Hope this helps!!!
