Answer:
The offspring carry two DNA strands one from father and one from mother. So theses old DNA carry trait with them as well.
Scientists use the light year because nothing can travel fast than light. Therefore, in any given time frame, light will travel farther than any other substance or particle in the universe. For more precise measurements, scientists use astronomical units. One AU is equal to the distance between the earth and the sun. For anything less, scientists usually use kilometers. For extremely large, interstellar distances, light years are very useful. You wouldn’t want to measure the distance between Earth and Proxima Centauri in kilometers or even AU. The lightyear gives a simple, relative measurement.
Answer: Phagocyte receptors that detect PAMPs
Explanation:
TLRs or Toll-like receptors, are a family of proteins that are part of the innate immune system. TLRs are transmembranous and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are groups of chemical characteristics common to certain types of pathogens. Patterns detected by TLRs include lipopolysaccharide, a compound found on the surfaces of Gram-negative bacteria, and double-stranded RNA, which is an integral part of the life cycles of many viruses. These PAMPs are generally important for the survival of the pathogen, so they are well preserved. <u>Activation of these receptors induces inflammatory responses in leukocytes of myeloid lineage, signaling via NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that activates pro-inflammatory genes</u>. Activated TLRs also increase the production of co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80, CD86 and CD40. These proteins, expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, are necessary for the activation of T-lymphocytes by dentritic cells and macrophages already showing antigens in their MHC type II molecules (Major Histocompatibility Complex, they participate in the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes)
<u>In addition, TLR-mediated signaling on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) plays an important role in linking the innate and adaptive immune responses</u>.
It would be 2) two atoms exchange electrons and become ions
In order for cells to function and survive, their organelles work together to carry out ... The Cytoskeleton of a cell consists of a network of protein fibres that give the cell ... bounding a ring of nine pairs of Microtubules with a single pair in the centre. ... which look similar to Undulipodia, but have a very different internal structure.
