The waves do not help scientist
If the offspring is a female, it means she got an X chromosome from her mom, and an X chromosome from her father.
I would say energy myself, and this is because energy plays a key role in all of these. With trophic levels energy is being transferred amongst the levels. Food chain's is a map of how the energy is passed along the chain. Food web is a web of how energy is transferred, and this is why I would say energy is a keyword.
I’m pretty sure it’s water vapor so try that