Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
What is unmeasured cofounding?
- By definition, an unmeasured confounder is a variable that is connected to both the exposed and the result and could explain the apparent observed link.
- The validity of interpretation in observational studies is threatened by unmeasured confounding. The use of negative control group to reduce unmeasured confounding has grown in acceptance and popularity in recent years.
Although they've been utilised mostly for bias detection, negative controls have a long history in laboratory sciences and epidemiology of ruling out non-causal causes. A pair of negative control exposure and outcome variables can be utilised to non-parametrically determine the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data that is vulnerable to uncontrolled confounding, according to a recent study by Miao and colleagues.
Reliable causal inference based on observational studies is seriously threatened by unmeasured confounding.
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Answer:
a
Step-by-step explanation:
I think so..
Answer:
6
Step-by-step explanation:
I'm so sorry...i solved this on a calculator so i'm not so sure how to explain once again i'm sorry.
Answer:
If it is less than 3, Player 1 earns 3 points.
If not, Player 2 earns 2 points.
Step-by-step explanation:
<u>Player 1</u> :
p(N < 3) = p(N = 1 or N = 2) = 2/5
<u>Player 2</u> :
p(N ≥ 3) = p(N = 3 or N = 4 or N = 5) = 3/5
<u>We notice that</u> :
p(N < 3) × 3 = (2/5) × 3 = 6/5
On the other hand,
p(N ≥ 3) × 2 = (3/5) × 2 = 6/5
since ,the probability player 1 win multiplied by the associated number of points (3)
is equal to
the probability player 2 win multiplied by the associated number of points (2).
Then the game is fair.
Multiplying both sides of <span>−1/3x≤−6 by -3 results in "x is equal to or greater than 18."
Note that multiplying such an inequality requires reversing the direction of the inequality symbol.
I subst. 18 for x in </span><span>−1/3x≤−6 as a check, and found that the resulting inequality is true.</span>