Although the Crusades are popularly viewed as religiously inspired campaigns to recapture the Holy Land, students should recognize them as a result of the social and economic events in Europe between 1000 and 1200. Religious and secular leaders seeking to end the fighting among feudal lords seized upon the Crusades as a means of redirecting that aggression. Feudal knights who would not be inheriting their family properties eagerly enlisted in the Crusades as a way to win wealth or status. The idea of the pilgrimage was a powerful one, and the Crusades were basically armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land. The various Crusades ultimately failed. The sack of Constantinople was a fitting denouement to the whole concept. The interaction with the East brought to Europe not only Arabic translations of Greek texts, but also original Arabic and Iranian scientific and philosophical works.
They were created to form a government system so the king would not have to deal with the work in the colonies.
The 1876 elections infuriated the Democrats because they thought their candidate had truly won.
Democrats believed that Samuel J. Tilden, their candidate, had won the election, which was made worse by the fact that he had a larger share of the popular vote. Rutherford B. Hayes managed to negotiate despite this and win the Electoral college. The votes were settled by an informal, "back-room" agreement known as the Compromise of 1877.
In exchange for the Republicans agreeing to evacuate federal troops from the South, which put an end to Reconstruction, the Democrats granted to Hayes 20 of the disputed electoral votes, giving him an 185–184 win.
Republican Hayes lost the popular vote to Democratic Tilden in the 1876 election, which the Republicans won with 1 electoral vote. People were nevertheless opposed to Hayes' close victory, and many Democrats expressed concerns, which had an impact on Reconstruction.
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Warfare between city-states, overpopulation, and drought caused it .
Mass society refers to any modern era society that retains a mass culture and large-scale and impersonal social institutions. It is a society in which bureaucracy and prosperity have led to the weakened conventional social ties. In such a society, most of the institutions are organized with the individuals in the aggregate and the similarities in the attitudes and behavior of the people is viewed as being more important than the differences. The life of the people living in such communities is governed by the mass relations. This means that the mass society tends to focus on the economy more and is less likely to focus on leisure activities for economic success purposes.
