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The substances, ordered according to their dissolving time in water, are the following
Sugar Cubes > Granulated Sugar > Powdered Sugar
The difference between these substances is the degree of order. According to collision theory, for a substance to be dissolved, successful collisions between solvent molecules and solute molecules need to happen. as molecules are more ordered, successful collisions are less likely to happen, because atoms are fixed into a crystalline structure.
When the molecule is less ordered, successful collisions are more likely to occur, as the atoms can be impacted from different sides and aren't fixed into a given position.
As the degree of order increases, the dissolving time in water will be higher too, as more time would be required for successful collisions to happen. The most ordered substance is sugar cubes, followed by granulated sugar and powdered sugar, and that order is the same as the order for dissolving time.
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Thank you for posting your question here. I am just assuming to that the density of tin is <span>7.31 g/cm^3, you can change it it is not the number. Below is the solution. I hope it helps.
</span><span>95.04g x (1 cm³ / 7.31g) = 13.0 cm³</span>
Answer:
See explanation below
Explanation:
Picture 1 show the original starting material. Picture 2, shows the mechanism involved to get the final product. This is a reaction with sustitution. So, the first step is the nucleophylic attack of the OH of the ethanol to the tosylate. This means that the chlorine goes out. When this happens, the chlorine becames in the next step a nucleophyle, so it attacks to the carbon of the ethane tosylate intermediate. As tosylate is a very good outgoing group, this goes out of the molecule and then, the alkyl halide is formed.
As for the stereochemistry, if the initial reactant has a S configuration, then the final product will be R, and if it's R, then the final would be S. See picture for mechanism:
This problem is providing information about possible causes whereby mussel shells are being eroded due to the acidity in the ocean. In such a way, it claims that more acidic oceans dissolve calcium carbonate in a faster way and produce hydrogen carbonate ions, and thus, a feasible explanation is required as well as a hypothesis according to the following choices:
a. Lower CO₂; this reduces the H₂CO₃ and increases the pH.
b. Add CO₃²⁻: this will add base and increase its concentration.
c. Add Ca²⁺: this will increase the precipitation rate of calcium carbonate (correct choice).
<h3>Equilibrium equations:</h3>
At first instance, we should recall the equilibrium equations that take place when acidic oceans dissolve calcium carbonate in a faster way:
<h3>Shifts from equilibrium:</h3>
Where we can see that the first choice is thoroughly discarded as the addition of CO₂ actually increases the ionizable carbonic acid (acidity). Moreover, the addition of CO₃²⁻ may also lead to the formation of more protons-releasing carbonic acid which also contributes to the acidity of the ocean.
<h3>Hypothesis:</h3>
Thereby, the correct condition that, for sure, contributes to the preservation of mussel shells will be the addition of Ca²⁺ and the hypothesis will be that it shifts the equilibrium towards the formation of more CaCO₃, the active compound in these shells.
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c option is correct answer