In a resting state, sodium (Na ) is at a higher concentration outside the cell, and potassium (K ) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels <u>increase </u>inside the cell.
During an action potential, the potassium level inside the cell decreases, and the sodium level inside the cell increases. That is to say, there is an outflow of potassium and an inflow of sodium ions.
Action potential usually occurs when an electrical signal disrupts the balance of Na+ and K+ within a cell membrane, briefly depolarizing the concentrations of each.
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A molecular clock is a method used by researchers that uses mutation rates in DNA to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. This provides evidence of evolutionary descent because it can link to common ancestors.
A "mutagen" is any physical or chemical agent that interacts with DNA to cause a mutation.
