Answer:
<h3>Learning Objective
</h3><h3>Identify element pairs which are likely to form ionic or covalent bonds
</h3><h3>Key Points
</h3><h3>Ionic compounds are formed from strong electrostatic interactions between ions, which result in higher melting points and electrical conductivity compared to covalent compounds.</h3><h3>Dioxins are a group of highly toxic chemical compounds that are harmful to health. They can cause problems with reproduction, development, and the immune system. They can also disrupt hormones and lead to cancer. Known as persistent environmental pollutants (POPs), dioxins can remain in the environment for many years.
</h3><h3>Covalent compounds have bonds where electrons are shared between atoms. Due to the sharing of electrons, they exhibit characteristic physical properties that include lower melting points and electrical conductivity compared to ionic compounds.
</h3><h3>Terms
</h3><h3>electronegativity: The tendency of an atom or molecule to attract electrons and form bonds.
</h3><h3>octet rule: Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full valence level of eight electrons. Hydrogen and helium are exceptions because they can hold a maximum of two valence electrons.
</h3><h3>valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost principal energy (valence) level of an atom that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds with other atoms.
</h3><h3>Two Classes of Compounds
</h3><h3>Compounds are defined as substances containing two or more different chemical elements. They have distinct chemical structures characterized by a fixed ratio of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Here, we discuss two classes of compounds based on the bond type that holds the atoms together: ionic and covalent.
</h3><h3 /><h3>Covalent Compounds
</h3><h3>Covalent bonds are characterized by the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms. These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or between two of the same (or similar) elements.Two atoms with similar electronegativity will not exchange an electron from their outermost shell; the atoms instead share electrons so that their valence electron shell is filled.
</h3><h3 /><h3>Examples of compounds that contain only covalent bonds are methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and iodine monobromide (IBr).
</h3><h3 /><h3>Ionic Compounds
</h3><h3>Ionic bonding occurs when there is a large difference in electronegativity between two atoms. This large difference leads to the loss of an electron from the less electronegative atom and the gain of that electron by the more electronegative atom, resulting in two ions. These oppositely charged ions feel an attraction to each other, and this electrostatic attraction constitutes an ionic bond.
</h3><h3 /><h3>Ionic bonding occurs between a nonmetal, which acts as an electron acceptor, and a metal, which acts as an electron donor. Metals have few valence electrons, whereas nonmetals have closer to eight valence electrons; to easily satisfy the octet rule, the nonmetal will accept an electron donated by the metal. More than one electron can be donated and received in an ionic bond.
</h3><h3 /><h3>Some examples of compounds with ionic bonding include NaCl, KI, MgCl2.</h3>
Explanation:
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Answer: a) if a proton transforms to a neutron, a positron is produced
B) when an neutron transforms into a proton, an electron is produced
Explanation:
The both are nuclear decay processes which produce a neutrino and tremendous energy. The conversion of protons to neutrons is an energetically difficult process. However, the conversion of neutrons to electrons is commonly called beta decay in nuclear physics.
Red arrows represent the movement of the mantle due to convection. Black arrows represent the movement of the plates due to gravity. Scientists think that this transfer of thermal energy from core to mantle causes convection in the mantle.
the correct answer is A.
Each atom has three sub particles, which are electron, proton and neutron. To get the atomic mass for each atom, one has to add the masses of the proton, neutron and electron in an atom. For each atom, the major contributors to its mass are proton and neutron, this is because the mass of the electron is very small indeed. Thus, the atomic mass of an element is usually in the range of its mass number, which is obtained by the summation of proton and neutron. Since it is the number of proton that indicate an atomic number and it is the mass number that indicate atomic mass, therefore, atomic mass can be greater than the atomic number.
