Explanation: Vertical shift is represented by adding/subtracting a constant from the original given equation. If the constant added is +ve, this means that the curve is vertically shifted upwards If the constant added is -ve, this means that the curve is vertically shifted downwards.
Now, for the given, we have the original function f(x) and the constant k, therefore, to shift the graph vertically, the new function would be f(x)+k We have: f(x) = x² and k = -3 This means that the new function would be: x² - 3 Since the constant is -ve, we can conclude that the curve is shifted vertically downwards by 3 units
