Answer:
Extinction
Positive reinforcement
Negative punishment
Positive punishment
Explanation:
EXTINCTION
Extinction in Operant conditioning is the removal of a stimulus that was reinforcing a response. Mrs. Collora decided to ignore the two boys and in effect try to stop reinforcing the boys' behavior by refusing to engage with them hoping that they would stop.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
This is a situation where stimuli is ADDED to situations to encourage a certain behavior. By offering the boys encouragement and rewards for participation, Mrs. Collora is positively reinforcing them.
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
This is a situation where a stimulus is removed to reduce/deter a behavior. Mrs. Collora REMOVED the boys' opportunities to participate in field trips.
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
In this situation, a stimulus that is not liked or desirable is added to reduce a behavior. Mrs. Collora made the boys write essays on proper behavior which is not a desirable thing to most High Schoolers.
Answer:
D. rapidly rising in production cost
Before the development of new criticism and formalism, the common approach to interpreting literature was traditional literary criticism.
Traditional Literary criticism was used before the development of formalism and new criticism to interpret literature. Traditional literary criticism focuses on the author's biographical information and how it influences the work.
This criticism ignores reader response and focuses upon the author, time period, and text alone. Traditional literary criticism places the text back into the period which it came from in order for the reader to better understand the intent of the author.
Hence, before the development of new criticism and formalism, the literature was was interpreted by traditional literary criticism.
To learn more about the traditional literary criticism here:
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The government sector collects taxes to the people, they considered the monthly income of the individual. If the person recieved a minimum amount monthly automatically they are exempted to pay the tax. Tax used to pay for the goods
and services it provides including schools, roads, law
enforcement, libraries, parks and military protection.
