Cases that must be heard by court usually only include cases that deal with direct violations of the Constitution, bankruptcy cases, cases dealing with any crimes on federal property, and cases where the United States is a party.
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The most common way a case goes to the U.S. Supreme Court is on appeal from the circuit court. The case usually goes from state court to federal court before it waits for an appeal
The proper answer in your case is D ok by
The scenario is an example of process loss
it is often conceptualised as the loss of effort that could have contributed to optimum benefits when a group is tasked to undertake a particular task. In the scenario, the non-contribution of Adam leads to a loss of benefit that would other wise have accrued from adam's persuasion power.