A mitochondrial membrane complex consisting of ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide translocase (ATP–ADP translocase), and phosphate
translocase functions in oxidative phosphorylation. Adenine nucleotide translocase, an antiporter located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, moves ADP into and ATP out of the matrix. Phosphate translocase is also located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports H + ions and phosphate H 2 PO − 4 ions into the matrix. The energy derived from the movement of H + ions down an electrochemical gradient from the intermembrane space into the matrix is used to drive the synthesis of ATP. How many H + ions must be moved into the matrix for the synthesis of 1 ATP? number of H + ions:'
1 answer:
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Answer:
- nP ≈ 4.9
- nL = 1.50
Explanation:
GIVEN DATA
external load applied (p) = 85 kips
bolt stiffness ( Kb ) = 3(10^6) Ibf / in
Member stiffness (Km) = 12(10^6) Ibf / in
Diameter of bolts ( d ) = 1/2 in - 13 UNC grade 8
Number of bolts = 6
assumptions
for unified screw threads UNC and UNF
tensile stress area ( A ) = 0.1419 in^2
SAE specifications for steel bolts for grade 8
we have
Minimum proff strength ( Sp) = 120 kpsi
Minimum tensile strength (St) = 150 Kpsi
Load Bolt (p) = external load / number of bolts = 85 / 6 = 14.17 kips
Given the following values
Fi = 75%* Sp*At = (0.75*120*0.1419 ) = 12.771 kip
Preload stress
αi = 0.75Sp = 0.75 * 120 = 90 kpsi
stiffness constant
C = =
= 0.2
A) yielding factor of safety
nP = =
nP = 77.028 / 15.605 = 4.94 ≈ 4.9
B) Determine the overload factor safety
= ( 120 * 0.1419) - 12.771 / 0.2 * 14.17
= 17.028 - 12.771 / 2.834
= 1.50