Answer:
<em>Thioesters- the Sulfur-Carbon bond is hydrolyzed, e.g. AcetylCoA</em>
<em>Reduced cofactor- These compounds accept electrons during the oxidation of substrates and energy is released when they are oxidized, e.g. Ubiquinol</em>
<em>Phosphorylated compounds- These compounds yield H₂P0₄⁻ upon hydrolysis, e.g. Phosphocreatine</em>
Explanation:
<em>Thioesters</em><em> are esters in which the linking oxygen atom is replaced by a sulphur atom. </em>They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a sulfhydryl group (thiol). They have the functional group R–S–CO–R'. Thioesters are common intermediates in many biosynthetic reactions. Examples include malonyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA. <em>In the hydrolysis of thioesters, the sulfur-carbon bond is hydrolyzed.</em>
<em>Cofactors</em><em> can be either organic or inorganic molecules that are required by enzymes to function. Cofactors can be oxidized or reduced for the enzymes to catalyze the reactions.</em> Examples include, NAD, FAD, NADP, <em>Coenzyme Q₁₀.</em> Coenzyme Q₁₀ exists in three redox states, fully oxidized, partially reduced, and fully reduced. Ubiquinol is the reduced (electron-rich) form of coenzyme Q₁₀. Coenzyme Q₁₀ is vital for proper transfer of electrons within the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory chain, whose main function is to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). <em>These compounds accept electrons during the oxidation of substrates and energy is released when they are oxidized. </em>
Phosphorylated compounds are compounds with a phosphoryl group (PO₃²⁻) attached to its molecules. <em>These compounds yield an inorganic phosphate (H₂P0₄⁻) upon hydrolysis</em>. Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function as this modification activates or deactivates almost half of the enzymes, thereby regulating their function. Examples include, glucose-1-phosphate, phosphoserine, phosphocreatine, etc.
