Any mutation type that is not silent mutation (mutation that has no effect on the protein function) that occurs within the genetic sequence of a gene can affect that particular gene. Such mutations can include conservative mutations and non conservative mutations.
Another area of biology that is significant to study aside from mitosis and cell cycle are the concepts of heredity and genetics. The study of these fields of biology would provide us with a much deeper understanding of how a single DNA gene could cause diseases and how we could treat these ailments.
The Griffith's experiment, the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, and the Hershey–Chase experiments were the set of experiments that established DNA as the key hereditary molecule. The Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment was an extension to the Griffith's experiment. The heat killed virulent S strain cells of the Griffith's experiment were lysed to form a supernatant containing a mix of RNA, DNA, proteins and lipids from the cell. The supernatent was equally divided into 3 parts after the removal of the lipids. The 3 parts were respectively treated with an RNAase to degrade the RNA, DNAase to degrade the DNA and proteinase to degrade the proteins. The treated supernatant was then added into the culture containing the non-virulent R cells. In case of the supernatant treated with the DNAse, no transformation of R cells into S cells occurred. The transformation of R cells to S cells occurred in the proteinase and the RNAse cases. This indicated that DNA was the hereditary molecule and not protein or RNA.

The organelle malfunctioning in this case is lysosome. They have powerful enzymes and acids to digest and recycle cell material so they remove waste from the cell.