The answer is descent with modification. 
Descent with modification practically means that a species have changed appearance wise over long periods of time to adapt to their environments better.
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Accumulation of carbon dioxide is responsible for the increase in dough size
        
                    
             
        
        
        
I think the answer would be either b or c
        
             
        
        
        
Answer:
mass is measured in newtons.
 
        
                    
             
        
        
        
Answer:
a) Some island populations will have fixed one allele, and other populations will have fixed the other allele.
Explanation:
The founder population for each island is heterozygous for the locus. The absence of any migration and mutation would result in no gene flow or the introduction of new alleles of the locus. Over several generations, one or the other allele will be fixed in the populations depending on the adaptive features imparted by each under the different conditions present on these different islands. Genetic drift may also work on these small founder populations to randomly fix one or the other allele.