The greater the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) between two atoms, the greater the degree in ionic character in the bond.
If you have a bond between atoms A and B (A-B),
ΔEN = |EN_A - EN_B|
The rules for the type of bond are:
• If ΔEN < 0.5, the bond is nonpolar covalent
• If 0.5 ≤ΔEN < 1.7, the bond is polar covalent
• If ΔEN ≥ 1.7, the bond is ionic
<em>Examples:
</em>
<em>C-H</em>: ΔEN = |2.55 – 2.20| = 0.35; <em>nonpolar covalent
</em>
<em>C-F</em>: ΔEN = |2.55 – 3.98| = 1.43; <em>polar covalent</em>
<em>Na-F</em>: ΔEN = |0.93 – 3.98| = 3.05; <em>ionic
</em>
This is an example of Newton’s third law of motion, which states that for every action in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction. So when Robert jumped off his kayak, he pushed it back as he used it to launch himself, with his feet.
<span>Condensation takes place when gas molecules lose heat and kinetic energy. The warmer molecules are the faster they move. Gas molecules move very quickly and have a lot of kinetic energy and heat energy. As the gas molecules lose heat they also lose kinetic energy. As the molecules slow down they move closer together to form liquids.</span>
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Answer : The technology that can make coal a cleaner fuel is to use lower quality of coal with high sulfur content.
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