Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
Answer:
The correct answer would be - mycobacterium, and streptomyces.
Explanation:
Actinobacteria is a phylum that consists of a group of gram-positive bacteria with cytosine and guanine content in their DNA. These bacteria can be aquatic or land bacteria. Actinobacteria do not have cell wall however they make a non-sptate and mycelium.
Mycobacterium is one of the genera of the actinobacterium phylum. This genus includes pathogenic species in it that cause deadly diseases in humans and other mammals such as leprosy and tuberculosis Whereas streptomyces is another genus of the actinobacteria that is yielded the very first drug to fight with the ancient scourge.
Thus, the correct answer is - mycobacterium and streptomyces.
Answer:
1. asexual, mitosis 2. sexual 3. gametes, meiosis 4. haploid 5. sex cells
Explanation:
Asexual reproduction is the form of reproduction that occurs whereby there is no fusion of gametes or a change in the number of chromosomes. The produced daughter cells are genetically similar to the parent. the form of cell division that occurs here is through a process of mitosis.
Different organisms adopt different type of asexual reproduction including binary fission, spore formation, fragmentation etc.
Sexual reproduction in contrast generates genetically unique organism through the fusion of two different organisms sex cells. To accomplish sexual reproduction, gametes that are haploid through a process of meiosis must be produced which are the egg cell and the sperm cells (the sex cells). These haploid cells are produced only in the germ cells to ensure the production of a diploid zygote.
