Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest who played a crucial role in the Mexican War of Independence from 1810 to 1821. Hidalgo is well known for his "Grito de Dolores" ("Cry of Dolores") speech, in which he demanded the end of Spanish colonial control in Mexico.
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Reconstruction was the turbulent era following the Civil War. The effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed slaves into the United States proved to be difficult. Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson, new southern state legislatures passed restrictive “black codes” to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans. Outrage in the North over these codes eroded support for the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction and led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party. During Radical Reconstruction, which began with the passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867, newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress. In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces–including the Ku Klux Klan–would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South.
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The general consensus amongst historians is that the balance between Federal and State powers was done to appease those who were afraid that too strong of a federal government would be no different than the monarchy that the colonists were overthrowing.
