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The answer is: psychometric; Piagetian
According to the psychometric approach, the cognitive development could be measured by using numerical assessment with a standardized result. This is similar to Alfred's view who believe that those who give better performance in quantitative measures of variables tend to be more developed.
According to the Piagetian cognitive approach on the other hand, the cognitive development could only be measured by how well an individual is interacting with their biological traits and the environment around them (similar's to Jeanne's view)
Answer:
Post-transition
Explanation:
During the early stage of demographic transitory, there will be a high chance for conflicts to occurs since there are more people who become restless because of the existence of other people demographic. Infrastructure such as hospitals or school also hasn't really been well established
After post-transition, most people already made an effort to live and socialize with other people from different backgrounds and the expenses created from the modern economy will make people think twice before having a child. This create low death rates and low birth rates in return.