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4 years ago

Differentiate bet prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

1 answer:

6 0

There are differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells. This difference is considered to be the most important distinction between groups of organisms. A Prokaryotic cell does not contain a nucleus. It only contains one chromosome and is a single-celled organism. It was the only form of life on earth for millions of years. Examples of a Prokaryotic cell are the different types of bacteria present today.
A Eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus; more than one chromosome and is typically a multi-celled organism. <span>Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells.</span>

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In Drosophila, the genes for withered wings (whd), smooth abdomen (sm) and speck body (sp) are located on chromosome 2 and are s

lesya692 [45]

Answer:

A) 47; B) 33; C) 272; D) 122

Explanation:

The three genes are linked.

The female with withered wings and a smooth abdomen has the genotype whd sm sp+/whd sm sp+.

The male with a speck body has the genotype whd+ sm+ sp/whd+ sm+ sp.

Both individuals are homozygous for all genes, so each of them only produces one type of gamete. The resulting F1 therefore has the genotype whd sm sp+/ whd+ sm+ sp, heterozygous for all genes and with a wild-type phenotype.

The females of the F1 were mated with homozygous recessive males (test cross): whd sm sp/whd sm sp.

If we assume interference is 0, the probability of crossing over happening between the genes whd and sm is independent from the probability of crossing over happening between sm and sp.

The distance = frequency of recombination × 100, so the frequency of recombination (RF) between genes whd and sm is 0.305 and the RF between genes sm and sp is 0.155.

<u>The expected double crossover progeny among the 1000 offspring will be:</u>

RF whd-sm × RF sm-sp × 1000 =

0.305 × 0.155 × 1000 = 47 individuals will be double crossover.

Interference is 0.3

The interference is calculated as 1- coefficient of coincidence (cc).

cc = observed double crossover/expected double crossover

Therefore:

I = 1 - cc

cc = 1 - I

Observed DCO / 47 = 0.7

Observed DCO = 0.7 × 47

Observed DCO ≅ 33

The parental gametes are whd sm sp+ and whd+ sm+ sp (the genotype of the F1 female is known).

Looking at them and at the gene map we can tell that the gametes that give rise to withered wings, speck body (whd sm+ sp) and smooth abdomen (whd+ sm sp+) phenotypes are the result of recombination occurring between genes whd and sm.

To calculate the expected number of individuals with those phenotypes among the 1000 progeny we need to determine the frequency of recombination between the genes whd and sm considering there's interference.

The distance whd-sm = RF x 100

The recombination frequency is the sum of the single crossover between whd and sm and the double crossovers.

The frequency of DCO is 33/1000=0.033.

Distance whd-sm/ 100 = SCOwhd-sm + DCO

0.305 - 0.033 = SCO whd-sm

<u>Frequency of SCO whd-sm= 0.272</u>

And the expected number of individuals with those phenotypes will be 0.272 x 1000 = 272.

The gametes that originate the phenotypes withered wings, speck body, smooth abdomen (whd sm sp) and wild type (whd+ sm+ sp+) are the result of recombination between genes sm and sp.

Distance sm-sp/ 100 = SCOsm-sp + DCO

0.155 - 0.033 = SCOsm-sp

<u>Frequency of SCO sm-sp= 0.122</u>

And the expected number of individuals with those phenotypes will be 0.122 x 1000 = 122.

6 0

4 years ago

List four "beliefs" in which evolutionary scientists place their faith when supporting the theory of evolution. Use complete sen

VashaNatasha [74]

Answer: Answers below.

Explanation: One aspect in which evolutionists place their faith in is the geological column. If you examine a chart of it, you will notice a trend. As you go deeper into the geological column, the fossils found there get more and more "simple". On the surface of the geological column, scientists have found more complex life forms. This trend suggests that organisms evolved over time, and the geological column represents this trend in chronological order. However, this data could be used against evolution as well. Therefore, it is inconclusive. If you believe the sedimentary rock formed so rapidly due to the biblical flood, this is evidence against evolution. If you believe rocks formed according to the observations of Charles Lyell, then this could be evidence for evolution. It all depends on how one interprets the data.

Another aspect in which evolutionists place their faith is something they call "intermediate links" Intermediate links are supposed to indicate a transitional form between two different creatures to show that they evolved. For example, evolutionists state that the creature Archaeopterynx is the transitional form between reptiles and birds. Another example of a transitional form found is the Australopithecus afarensis, which is supposed to be the transitional form between apes and humans due to similar bone structures and that this creature was bipedal like us humans.

Another belief evolutionists have to support the theory of evolution is the science of structural homology. Structural Homology is a science that studies similar structures in different organisms. For example, if you examined the forearms of a bat, bird, porpoise, and human, you would find that they have similar forearm structures, They all have a radius, humerus, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. This indicates that all these creatures evolved from a common ancestor due to their strikingly similar structures.

Another aspect in which evolutionists place their faith is in the science of molecular biology. You see, all organisms contain a common protein called cytochrome C. Cytochrome c performs the same basic function in every organism. It is possible to calculate the percentage difference between the cytochrome c in each organism. Evolutionists have created a table that shows the percentage difference between a few different species of organisms. What they found appeared to indicate an evolutionary trend. However, more research shows that this data is highly flawed. If you calculate the percentage difference of this protein between a horse, pigeon, tuna, silkworm moth, wheat, the yeast and compared it to a bacterium ( the "simplest" life form) you would find that all these organisms are almost the same percent different from each other, indicating individual species rather than evolving from a common ancestor. All of these assumptions stated above can be evidence for or against evolution. It all is determined by how someone interprets these facts. I hope this helped you! Good luck :)

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4 years ago

The ears work with the brain and other body parts through a series of steps that help you hear the sound of a train coming. What

san4es73 [151]

Explanation:

first of all our eyes recognise to train and send the message to our brain then our ears and then the brain send motor impulses to muscles of leg

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3 years ago

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What is the function of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries?

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They increase the permeability of the lymph capillaries. Interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels through the mini valves (which are overlaps of endothelial cells from multiple lymph capillaries). The valves also prevent the backflow of the lymph from the vessels back to the tissues.

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3 years ago

The moon_around the earth.

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Answer:

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2 years ago

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