<span>The repolarization of cardiac muscle is due to closure of calcium (Ca) channels and potassium (K) exiting the cell when additional voltage gated K channels open.
Due to these changes within the heart, repolarization has to happen. This process refers to returning the cardiac muscle to its resting state, and the opposite process is depolarization.
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Animals, plants, fungi and bacteria use carbohydrates in varying ways. For plants, carbohydrates form a large part of their structure in the form of cellulose. Animals use carbohydrates primarily for energy, such as starch, glucose and other sugars. Bacteria use carbohydrates for both structure and energy.
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