The relationship between child abuse and the use or abuse of alcohol has two aspects. First, some findings have indicated that parental alcohol abuse may be associated with the physical or sexual abuse of children. Research findings in this area remain inconsistent, however. Second, the experience of being abused as a child may increase a person’s risk for alcohol-related problems as an adult. This relationship has best been demonstrated in women who had been victims of childhood abuse. Several factors most likely contribute to or influence this relationship, including coping skills; antisocial behavior; and psychological problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. KEY WORDS: child abuse; AOD (alcohol or other drug) abuse; risk factors; family AODU (AOD use, abuse, and dependence) history; family dysfunction; marital conflict; sexual abuse; coping; antisocial behavior; posttraumatic stress disorder

According to research estimates, each year more than 1 million children in the United States experience some form of abuse or neglect (Widom 1993). Child abuse is one of the many types of violence associated with alcohol use and abuse, either as a consequence or as a causative factor. For example, parental alcohol abuse may contribute to the abusive treatment of children. Furthermore, people who have been abused as children may be at increased risk for developing alcohol abuse as adults.

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3 years ago

Accurately 2 different ways that antiretroviral drugs can prevent virus formation

Nataliya [291]

Answer:

Two different ways in which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of new viruses are:

Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme in both nucleoside analogues and non-nucleoside analogues.
Enzymatic inhibition of integrase enzymes.

Explanation:

Antiretroviral drugs are those used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, making the effect of the virus on the host cell is less and preventing the development of AIDS.

This type of drug has been classified, according to their mechanism of action, being grouped into several families of drugs. Two different ways by which antiretroviral drugs can prevent the formation of virus are:

Inhibition of reverse transcriptase enzyme: this enzyme is a DNA polymerase capable of forming single strand viral RNA by a process that is reverse to normal DNA to RNA transcription. Its inhibition prevents the formation of viral particles in the host cell. They are divided into nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside analogs.
Enzymatic Inhibition of Integrase enzymes: this type of enzyme is contained in the virus, and is capable of causing a retrotranscribed DNA to integrate into the host cell's DNA so that viral replication occurs. Its inhibition prevents the replication process.

The most effective treatments against HIV infection involve the use of two or more types of antiretroviral drugs.

4 0

3 years ago