1)The pharaoh was both the ruler and the god incarnate, the ancient Egyptians believed that by disobeying him, they could cause him to be angry and summon droughts or floods, or even plague.
2)Bureaucracy is not a modern invention; it was
conceived by the Egyptians over 5,000 years ago. The creation of a
bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a
key factor in the inception of the Egyptian civilization. The
king was the supreme head
of state. Next to him, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was
the vizier,
the executive head of the
bureaucracy.
The position of vizier was filled by a
prince
or a person of exceptional ability. His title
is translated as "superintendent of all works of the king".
As the supreme judge of the state, the vizier
ruled on all petitions and grievances brought to the court. All royal
commands passed through his hands before being transmitted to the
scribes in his office. They in turn dispatched orders to the heads
of distant towns and villages, and dictated the rules and
regulations related to the collection of
taxes.
The king was surrounded by the court, friends
and favoured people who attained higher administrative positions. The
tendency was to fill these positions on the basis of heredity. One of
the most ardent wishes of these administrators was to climb the
bureaucratic ladder through promotions and to hand their offices to
their children.M<span>any concepts in modern bureaucracies can be
traced to the Egyptians. The hierarchical structure and code of ethics
of the Egyptian bureaucracy are echoed in modern governments. Ancient
Egyptian bureaucrats, who aspired to higher positions, were counselled
to obey their superiors and keep silence in all circumstances, in
other words, not to contradict or challenge the wisdom of those in
charge. They were expected to have tact and good manners, be faithful
in delivering messages, and display humility that verged on
subservience. It is perhaps for these reasons that Egyptian officials
were called civil servants, a designation that governments have adopted
down through the ages. </span>
3)the Egyptians were polytheists, they believed in many gods, from Ra, the king of the gods, to minor river gods
