To answer this question, we will first find out the number of gaseous moles on each side of the equilibrium
<u>on the left:</u>
we have 2 moles of A, 5 moles of B and 12 moles of C
which gives us a grand total of <u>19 gaseous moles</u>
<u>on the right:</u>
here, we have 14 moles of AC gas, we will not count the number of moles of B because it's a solid
giving us <u>14 gaseous moles</u> on the right
<u>Where does the reaction shift?</u>
more gaseous moles means more space taken, because gas likes to fill all the space it can
if we have more volume, more gas can move around without colliding (reacting) with each other
Hence more volume favors the side with more gaseous moles
here, the left has more gaseous moles. So we can say that the reaction will shift towards the left, or the reactants side
Reduction is your answer your looking for
<h2>(a) </h2>
Yes. B.p. tend to increase with the number of carbon atoms in the backbone.
<h3>Explanation</h3>
Straight-chain alkanes have the general molecular formula C
H
. Adding carbon atoms to the chain increases the number of electrons in each molecules.
Alkane molecules are not polar without any functional groups. The only possible force between them is London Dispersion Force (a.k.a. induced dipole). Electrons shift within molecules to create instantaneous dipole in this type of force.
Molecules with a large number of electrons experience the most significant shift. London Dispersion Force is strongest in those molecules. They shall have the highest boiling points.
Examples: (SynQuest)
- C₂H₆ (ethane)- b.p. -88 °C
- C₄H₁₀ (butane)- b.p. -1 °C ~ 1 °C
- C₆H₁₄ (hexane)- b.p. 68 °C ~ 70 °C
<h2>(b) </h2>
The conclusion in (a) likely holds molecules in the same homologous series.
<h3>Explanation</h3>
Molecules in the same homologous series have the same types and numbers of functional groups. However, they differ only in the number of repeating units (-CH₂ in this case) that they contains. The number of such units in each molecule is directly related to the length of its carbon backbone.
Functional groups introduce extra types of forces between the molecules. For instance:
- Halogens, e.g., Cl, forms polar bonds with carbon. In most cases they make the molecule polar enough to form dipole-dipole interactions.
- Hydroxyl groups -OH can lead to hydrogen bonds between the molecules.
Functional groups tend to have similar effects on the b.p. in the same homologous series. The extra interaction due to the functional groups stays generally the same. Trends in the strength of dispersion forces likely follow the reasoning in (a). There shall be a similar conclusion. Molecules with the longest backbone in the same homologous series would have the highest b.p.
Example: (FooDB)
- CH₃COOH (ethanoic acid)- b.p. 118 °C
- C₂H₅COOH (butanoic acid)- b.p. 163.5 °C
- C₃H₇COOH (hexanoic acid)- b.p. 205 °C
Note, that it's only the number of repeating units in the carbon backbone that differs. Functional groups shall be on the similar positions on members of the series. For instance, 1,1-dichloroethane Cl₂-CH-CH₃ and 1,1-dichloropropane Cl₂-CH-CH₂-CH₃ are on the same series; whereas 1,3-dichloropropane Cl-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-Cl is not.
Answer:
The wavelength of the incoming photon is 172.8 nm
Explanation:
The wavelength of the incoming photon can be calculated with the photoelectric equation:
(1)
Where:
KE: is the kinetic energy of the electron
h: is Planck's constant = 6.62x10⁻³⁴ J.s
c: is the speed of light = 3.00x10⁸ m/s
: is the wavelength of the photon =?
Φ: is the work function of the surface (Iron) = 4.5 eV
The kinetic energy of the electron is given by:
(2)
Where:
p: is the linear momentum = h/λ
m: is the electron's mass = 9.1x10⁻³¹ kg
: is the wavelength of the electron = 0.75 nm = 0.75x10⁻⁹ m
Hence, the wavelength of the photon is:

Therefore, the wavelength of the incoming photon is 172.8 nm.
I hope it helps you!
Alcohol dissolves which Chloride
Alcohol forms hydrogen bonding and it also has a covalent character, so it is a polar solvent. So, due to polar nature lithium chloride and magnesium chloride are soluble in polar solvent alcohol.