The process which is the breaking down of macromolecules is called Hydrolysis (the breaking of a bond in a molecule using water) This means that polymers are broken down into monomers. This literally means ‘Split water’ and a reaction between an ion and the water molecule is used during used during the breakdown.
all of the above can be considered ecosystems
Because at any time, you can find cells that are undergoing mitosis.
Only unicellular orgaimns I might be wrong
Chemical (mutagens)
usually either mimic the structure of nucleotides and are inserted in DNA or either cause
chemical changes (such as alkylation) in nucleotides hence causing mismatching during replication.
Radiation, on the other hand, (due to its high energy) causes double-strand breaks in DNA causing an
increased likelihood of mutations during the repair of the DNA by cell
mechanisms.
