Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Answer;
-Down the concentration gradients; evenly distributed
Diffusing molecules move down the concentration gradients until they are evenly distributed.
Explanation;
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
-Whenever a substance exists in greater concentration on one side of a semipermeable membrane, such as cell membranes, any substance that can move down its concentration gradient across the membrane will do so. If the substances can move across the cell membrane without the cell expending energy, the movement of molecules is called passive transport.
-The mechanism of molecules moving across a cell membrane from the side where they are more concentrated to the side where they are less concentrated is a form of passive transport called simple diffusion.
Answer:
<h2>Energy is captured and stored in the chloroplast and released in the mitochondria.</h2>
Explanation:
Explanation:
moving away from shaded environment
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
Let the allele for red-green color blindness be represented by c.
Normal vision woman whose father is color-blind will be 
Color-blind male will be 
x
Progeny: 
(See the attached image)
<em>Out of the 2 male progeny, 1 is affected for color-blindness while the other is not affected. This gives a 50% probability that a son of the couple will be color-blind.</em>
