Answer: A- was fragmented into rival states held by nobility.
Explanation: After the fall off the Roman Empire, Europe was fragmented into rival states held by nobility. It turned into several groups like hordes that fought each others
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Example of fixed cost- rent, insurance premiums, loan payments
Examples of variable cost- Direct materials, Production supplies
Protocol can be defined as a set of rules for organizing data sent through a communications network
<u>Explanation:</u>
A protocol can be defined as a rules that helps in connecting and exchanging messages or data between any devices in a network. It ensures whether the data is sent and received properly by the two devices in the network. It plays a major role in the communication process in a network.
Protocols are generally a set of rules that are used for the organisation of data in a network. It clearly shows how a data can be packed and sent through a network. For sending and receiving the messages they use packet switching techniques. They make the data into smaller pieces(packets) at the sender end and integrates into the original message at the receiving end.