The correct answer is option e, that is, the thermal energy that one feels when one put the hand on the ground originates from the Sun.
The Earth's energy budget holds for the equilibrium between the energy received by Earth from the Sun, and the energy Earth radiates back after having been dispersed all through the five constituents of the climate system of the Earth and having thus fueled the so-called heat engine of the Earth. This system comprises the Earth's water, atmosphere, ice, all living things, and rocky crust.
