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adell [148]
3 years ago
6

What characteristic do protozoa and fungi share?

Biology
1 answer:
Nadusha1986 [10]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

<h2>letter A</h2>

Explanation:Whittaker placed bacteria in their own kingdom, Monera, because of fundamental organizational differences between prokaryotic bacterial cells, which lack membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles , and the eukaryotic cells of other organisms that possess internal membranes. Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia consist of complex, multicellular eukaryotic organisms that differ from each other in details of cell structure and in how they secure and process energy. Protista is a collection of single-celled eukaryotic organisms and simple multicellular forms, some animal-like, some plantlike.

<h2>letter b</h2>

Molecular evidence, particularly from ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA), suggests that the five-kingdom scheme is also too simple. Some biologists believe that Protista should be partitioned into three or more kingdoms. Similarly, kingdom Monera contains two very biochemically distinct groups of prokaryotes: archaebacteria, and eubacteria. A proposed system acknowledges this ancient evolutionary split by creating a higher level of classification, domain, above kingdom. This system distinguishes three domains: Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya (containing protists, plants, fungi, and animals).

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The Offspring produced by a cross between two given types of plants can be any of the three genotypes denoted by A, B, and C. A
ratelena [41]

Complete question:

The offspring produced between two given types of plants can be any of the three genotypes, denoted by A, B and C. A theoretical model of gene inheritance suggests that the offspring of types A, B and C should be in a 1:2:1 ratio (meaning 25% A, 50% B, and 25% C). For experimental verification, 100 plants are bred by crossing the two given types. Their genetic classifications are recorded in the table below.

<em><u>Genotype       Observed frequency</u></em>

    A             →        18 individuals

    B             →        55 individuals

    C             →        27 individuals

Do these contradict the genetic model?  

Use a 0.05 level of significance.

Determine the chi-square test statistic.

Answer:

Do these contradict the genetic model? No, according to the chi-square test, there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis of the population being in equilibrium.  

Explanation:

<u>Available data</u>:

  • Crossed genotypes: two
  • Genotypes among the offspring; Three → A, B, and C
  • Expected phenotypic ratio → 1:2:1
  • Total number of individuals, N = 100
  • A = 18 individuals
  • B = 55 individuals
  • C = 27 individuals

So, let us first state the hypothesis:

  • H₀= the population is equilibrium for this locus → F(A) = 25%,  F(B) = 50%, F(C) = 25%  
  • H₁ = the population is not in equilibrium

Now, let us calculate the number of expected individuals, according to their expected ratio.

4 -------------- 100% -------------100 individuals

1 ---------------  25% -------------X = 25 individuals A

2 --------------  50% -------------X = 50 individuals B

1----------------- 25%--------------X = 25 individuals C

<u>                                                   A                             B                           C</u>

  • Observed                         18                            55                         27
  • Expected                         25                           50                         25
  • (Obs-Exp)²/Exp                1.96                        0.5                        0.16

<u>(Obs-Exp)²/Exp</u>

A)  (18 - 25)²/25 = 49/25 = 1.96

B)  (55 - 50)² / 50 = 25/50 = 0.5

C)  (27 - 25)²/25 = 4/25 = 0.16

Chi square = X² = Σ(Obs-Exp)²/Exp  

  • ∑ is the sum of the terms
  • O are the Observed individuals: 2 in chamber B, and 18 in chamber A.  
  • E are the Expected individuals: 10 in each chamber  

X² = ∑ ((O-E)²/E) = 1.96 + 0.5 + 0.16 = 2.62

Freedom degrees = 2

Significance level, 5% = 0.05  

Table value/Critical value = 5.99

X² < Critical value

2.62 < 5.99    

<em>These results suggest that there is </em><u><em>not enough evidence to reject</em></u><em> the null hypothesis. We can assume that </em><u><em>the locus under study in this population is in equilibrium H-W.  </em></u>

 

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