These preparations are called Vaccines. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing micro-organism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins.
The molecular clock is a scientific technique which presents a means of estimating evolutionary rates and timescales using genetic data. It uses mutation rate of biomolecules when two or more life forms diverged to estimate the time. Answer is B.
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Carrying capacity, in biology, is the mps (maximum population size) of the species that the environment is able to take care of. The environment should be able to give food, habitat, and water, and other necessities needed for the certain animal species. If there are to many of the species, the environment may not be able to care for all animals, due to the fact that there will not be enough resources for all of the animals.
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Condensation, because when water vapor turns into water again it needs to release energy to do so. Its like turning ice into water again.
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