Answer:
(European) goldsmiths
Explanation:
European goldsmiths (Italian goldsmiths were the first) formulated a principle that only 5% of deposits were needed in reserve at any particular time, therefore they could lend 95% of the gold they held in deposit.
Goldsmiths would rent space in their vaults that allowed other people to keep their gold in a safe place. That led to transactions were notes indicating the amount of gold deposited would be traded instead of trading gold itself.
Eventually goldsmiths discovered that they could trade (lend) more money than the amount of gold they held in deposits, inventing fractional reserve banking.
Firms that can employ and establish <u>isolating mechanisms</u> are more likely to protect their competitive advantage from being copied and/or eroding away.
Isolation mechanisms:
A company is able to maintain its competitive edge for a longer period of time if it can stop a rival from copying the resource or capability that provides it that advantage. Isolation mechanisms is the name of this technique. For instance, a patent is a legitimate tool to stop imitation.
A firm's objective is to have a prolonged competitive advantage when a resource or capability gives the firm an advantage over competitors for an extended period of time. The industry will determine how long a company can preserve a competitive advantage.
If a business can maintain a competitive edge for a year in a fast-moving field like information technology or quick fashion, it may be quite happy. In an industry with less frequent changes, such as feminine hygiene, a persistent competitive advantage may remain considerably longer.
A sustainable competitive edge cannot be maintained by any company indefinitely. The competition is constantly working to improve its own competitive edge.
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Answer:
A. $19,034
Explanation:
The computation of the present value for 20 years cash flow is shown below:
For the First 10 years
Given that
Payment for first 10 years = $2,000
Discount rate = 11%
Now the present value is
= $2000 ÷ 1.11 + $2,000 ÷ 1.11^2 +...........+ $2,000 ÷1.11^10
= 11,778.46402 ..............(1)
For the Next 10 years
Given that
Payment for next 10 years = 3,500
Discount rate = 11%
Now the present value is
= $3,500 ÷ 1.11 + $3,500 ÷ 1.11^2 +...........+ $3,500 ÷ 1.11^10
= 20,612.312
So, today present value is
= $20,612.312 ÷ 1.1110
= 7,259.339 ...........................(2)
Now
Total present value is
= $7,259.339 + $11,778.46402
= $19,034
Answer:
It eliminated the need for fixed costs.
Explanation:
Answer: c. $300,000
Explanation:
Here, the shipping costs from overseas is part in inventory costs whereas the shipping costs to export are part of expense not inventory.
Given: Purchases during the year $15.0 million
Shipping costs from overseas$1.5 million
Shipping costs to export customers$1.0 million
Inventory at year end $3.0 million
Amount of shipping costs should be included in ABC Trading's year-end inventory valuation = (Inventory at year end)÷(Purchases during the year ) × (Shipping costs from overseas)
= ($3,000,000) ÷ ($15,000,000) × ($1,500,000)
= $300,000
Hence, the correct option is c. $300,000.