There are all sorts of ways to reconstruct the history of life on Earth. Pinning down when specific events occurred is often tricky, though. For this, biologists depend mainly on dating the rocks in which fossils are found, and by looking at the “molecular clocks” in the DNA of living organisms.
There are problems with each of these methods. The fossil record is like a movie with most of the frames cut out. Because it is so incomplete, it can be difficult to establish exactly when particular evolutionary changes happened.
Modern genetics allows scientists to measure how different species are from each other at a molecular level, and thus to estimate how much time has passed since a single lineage split into different species. Confounding factors rack up for species that are very distantly related, making the earlier dates more uncertain.
These difficulties mean that the dates in the timeline should be taken as approximate. As a general rule, they become more uncertain the further back along the geological timescale we look. Dates that are very uncertain are marked with a question mark.
- photosynthesis ( use the Sun to create their own energy )
- roots ( what is attached to the ground and bed of the plant)
- plants grow from seeds
- all plants have stems ( budding)
- most plants are green
- all plants need water and sunlight to grow
- paper is made from plants
- all plants have a vacuole and chloroplast cell
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<span>The experimental evidence that leads </span><span>scientists to believe that only quantized electronic energy states exist in atoms </span>was the Niels Bohr experiment on Hydrogen gas. The quantized model for electron orbits in atoms that effectively explained the spectroscopic behavior of the atoms. Each line in the spectrum corresponds to one exact frequency of light emitted by the atom.
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