(For a bit of context I will use the reaction between HCl and Mg as an example)
The larger the surface area of the magnesium metal, the more particles are exposed to collide with the aqueous HCl particles to cause the reaction to occur. This increases the frequency per second of collisions, speeding up the rate of reaction.
The effect of a catalyst is to reduce the minimum collision energy which allows the reaction to happen. This does not increase the number of collisions per second, but increases the percentage of successful collisions, which consequently causes the rate of reaction to increase .
I have drawn diagrams showing the effect of surface area, but there isn't really a meaningful diagram that I know of to show the impact of a catalyst (at least not at GCSE level).
Answer:
Different forces between atoms and difference in structure.
The answer is buffers.
Chemicals called buffers are those that can combine with H⁺ when hydrogen ions are in excess, and release H⁺ when hydrogen ion levels are low. the function of these chemicals is to minimize changes in pH.
Buffers are the substances that resist change in its pH on addition of small volume of acid and base.