How many high tides happen at a given coast in any 24 hour period

Why is'nt milk converted into curd by adding buttermilk while the same is possible with curd?

ankoles [38]

Two different types of milk

6 0

3 years ago

Frameshift mutation are the result of what occurrence?

Alisiya [41]

Explanation:

A frameshift mutation (also called a framing error or a reading frame shift) is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three. Due to the triplet nature of gene expression by codons, the insertion or deletion can change the reading frame (the grouping of the codons), resulting in a completely different translation from the original. The earlier in the sequence the deletion or insertion occurs, the more altered the protein. A frameshift mutation is not the same as a single-nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is replaced, rather than inserted or deleted. A frameshift mutation will in general cause the reading of the codons after the mutation to code for different amino acids. The frameshift mutation will also alter the first stop codon ("UAA", "UGA" or "UAG") encountered in the sequence. The polypeptide being created could be abnormally short or abnormally long, and will most likely not be functional.

7 0

3 years ago

Three linked autosomal loci were studied in smurfs.

cupoosta [38]

Answer:

height -------- color --------- mood

(13.2cM) (14.5cM)

C=0.421

I = 0.579

Explanation:

We have the number of descendants of each phenotype product of the tri-hybrid cross.

Phenotype Number

pink, tall, happy 580

blue, dwarf, gloomy 601

pink, tall, gloomy 113

blue, dwarf, happy 107

blue, tall, happy 8

pink, dwarf, gloomy 6

blue, tall, gloomy 98

pink, dwarf, happy 101

Total number of individuals = 1614 = N

Knowing that the genes are linked, we can calculate genetic distances between them. First, we need to know their order in the chromosome, and to do so, we need to compare the phenotypes of the parental with the ones of the double recombinants. We can recognize the parental in the descendants because their phenotypes are the most frequent, while the double recombinants are the less frequent. So:

Parental)

Pink, tall, happy 580 individuals

Blue, dwarf, gloomy 601 individuals

Simple recombinant)

Pink Tall Gloomy 113 individuals

Blue, Dwarf, Happy 107 individuals

Blue Tall Gloomy 98 individuals

Pink Dwarf Happy 101 individuals

Double Recombinant)

Blue Tall Happy 8 individuals

Pink Dwarf Gloomy 6 individuals

Comparing them we realize that parental and double recombinant individuals differ in the position of the gene codifying for <u>color</u><u>.</u> They only change in the position of Blue and Pink. This suggests that the position of the color gene is in the middle of the other two genes, height and mood, because in a double recombinant only the central gene changes position in the chromatid.

So, the alphabetic order of the genes is:

---- height ---- color ----- mood ----

Now we will call Region I to the area between Height and Color, and Region II to the area between Color and Mood.

Once established the order of the genes we can calculate distances between them, and we will do it from the central gene to the genes on each side. First We will calculate the recombination frequencies, and we will do it by region. We will call P1 to the recombination frequency between Height and color genes, and P2 to the recombination frequency between color and mood.

P1 = (R + DR) / N

P2 = (R + DR)/ N

Where: R is the number of recombinants in each region (the ones that have an intermediate phenotypic frequency), DR is the number of double recombinants in each region, and N is the total number of individuals. So:

Region I

Tall------ Pink--------happy (Parental) 580 individuals

Dwarf ---Pink------- Happy (Simple Recombinant) 101 individuals

Dwarf--- Pink-------Gloomy (Double Recombinant) 6 individuals

Dwarf----Blue-------Gloomy (Parental) 601 individuals

Tall ------Blue------- Gloomy (Simple Recombinant) 98 individuals

Tall ----- Blue------- Happy (Double Recombinant) 8 individuals

Region II

Tall------ Pink--------happy (Parental) 580 individuals

Tall-------Pink------- Gloomy (Simple Recombinant) 113 individuals

Dwarf----Pink------- Gloomy (Double Recombinant) 6 individuals

Dwarf----Blue-------Gloomy (Parental) 601 individuals

Dwarf ----Blue-------Happy (Simple Recombinant) 107 individuals

Tall ----- Blue------- Happy (Double Recombinant) 8 individuals

In each region, the highlighted traits are the ones that suffered recombination.

P1 = (R + DR) / N

P1 = (101+6+98+8)/1614

P1 = 213/1614

P1 = 0.132

P2= = (R + DR) / N

P2 = (113+6+107+8)/1614

P1 = 234/1614

P1 = 0.145

Now, to calculate the recombination frequency between the two extreme genes, height and mood, we can just perform addition or a sum:

P1 + P2= Pt

0.132 + 0.145 = Pt

0.277=Pt

The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU).

The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which every 100 meiotic products, one results in a recombinant product.

Now we must multiply each recombination frequency by 100 to get the genetic distance in map units:

GD1= P1 x 100 = 0.132 x 100 = 13.2 MU = 13.2 cM

GD2= P2 x 100 = 0.145 x 100 = 14.5 MU = 14.5 cM

GD3=Pt x 100 = 0.277 x 100 = 27.7 MU = 27.7 cM

To calculate the coefficient of coincidence, CC, we must use the next formula:

CC= observed double recombinant frequency/expected double recombinant frequency

Note:

-observed double recombinant frequency=total number of observed double recombinant individuals/total number of individuals

-expected double recombinant frequency: recombination frequency in region I x recombination frequency in region II.

CC= ((6 + 8)/1614)/0.132x0.145

CC=0.008/0.019

CC=0.421

The coefficient of interference, I, is complementary with CC.

I = 1 - CC

I = 1 - 0.421

I = 0.579

8 0

3 years ago

What is ATP?. What does it do?. How do organisms get ATP?.

nydimaria [60]

ATP is the energy currency in life. It’s the high energy molecule that stores the energy we need. Organisms get ATP by consuming food.

7 0

3 years ago

What pioneer species breaks down rock to create soil?

o-na [289]

Answer:

lichens

Explanation:

8 0

2 years ago

Read 2 more answers